BBC On The Record - Broadcast: 05.03.00

Interview: ALAN MILBURN MP, Health Secretary.

On what the Government is doing to improve the National Health Service and in particular plans to reduce the number of deaths from heart disease.



JOHN HUMPHRYS: Alan Milburn let's pick up that point that he made at the end there about beds. This is an enormous problem isn't it. We have far fewer beds per head of population than our continental cousins, Germany has twice as many as us for instance. We should have as many beds as them should we not? ALAN MILBURN: We should certainly have more beds in the health care system that is absolutely true. While I don't know quite what the German figures are but what I do know is that over the last ten, twenty years, the number of acute beds in hospitals has fallen enormously. I think we have lost about forty thousand hospital beds during the last twenty or so years and my view about this is that, look if we are going to deal with the demands that an ageing population brings and there are more and more old people and we've seen some of that this winter with a lot of very elderly people in hospital prone to respiratory illness and flu and so on. And that is the sort of situation that the NHS is going to have to deal with, not just for one winter but for others. And if we are going to do the sort of activity rates that we want to do in the National Health Service now, as we expand the Health Service, then we will need to see more beds in the system. And my view about hospital beds is that the trend rate of decline that we've seen with the number of beds falling simply can't keep pace either with an ageing population or indeed with the increased activity that we want to do. So we want to expand the number of beds but we have also got to make sure that we get the right beds in the right places and it isn't just a question of getting more beds into hospitals, it's also a question of making sure that we get beds in the appropriate place. For example, we know now from this National Beds Enquiry which we just published, that there are around twenty per cent of hospital beds are inappropriately occupied, often by elderly people, they've come into hospital, they've been properly treated and they are ready to leave. They can't leave because they are not ready to go home and they need a step down, they need an intermediate level if you like to build a bridge between hospital and home and that is what we are going to do. We are going to have more beds in the home care system, more active rehabilitation, more recovery services, precisely in order to get people back on their feet again. HUMPHRYS: So how many more do you think we need? MILBURN: Well the National Beds Enquiry said that over the course of next three or four years, we might need up to four thousand more beds in the whole care system. Now there are some choices to be made about where those beds are best provided. My own view about this is that what you need to do is certainly need to expand some beds in the acute sector in hospitals, we know and your report has just pointed to, for example, the problems that we had with critical care beds and we need to expand the numbers there. But when we talk about beds, by and large we are not just talking about pieces of wood and iron... HUMPHRYS: ...you're talking about people.. MILBURN: ...exactly. Christine Hancock from the Royal College of Nursing got this absolutely right when she said look, you know the issue here is not just trying to get beds, it's trying to get trained staff. I can buy beds in any high street but I can't get is trained nursing staff and trained doctors, I certainly can't get them overnight. But thankfully there is some good news there because we are expanding the numbers both of doctors and nurses. I think we are beginning to turn the corner on nursing shortages in the National Health Service. We've now got about four and a half thousand more nurses in place now in the NHS than we had a year ago and we've launched this very big recruitment campaign that I hope will get more nurses and physiotherapists and scientists into the Health Service. HUMPHRYS: So you accept the logic that says it's all very well to talk about efficiency but there is such a thing as being too efficient in the sense that if you are operating at a hundred per cent capacity as some of the hospitals...one of the hospitals we saw in that film were, you have no slack so eighty five per cent is the maximum bed occupancy that you should be able to tolerate. You accept that theory, that principle. MILBURN: I think it is true to say that we need more capacity in the National Health Service and that's what modernisation is all about. It's both about expanding the services but changing the services too. So yes, we need more beds, yes we need more doctors and we need more nurses and we are getting more of those. But we need to change the whole of the way the Health Care system works. So as I say, for example we need to see a new emphasis, particularly with an older population on this form of active rehabilitation and recovery that we haven't had in the past. It simply hasn't been there and it's not surprising that when I went to St. Thomas's Hospital in London with the Prime Minister on Tuesday and we talked to consultants in Accident and Emergency there about whether they had enough beds in A&E they said well yes and no. Well what do they mean by that? - they mean yes they do have enough beds providing further down the hospital system, further down the care system, there are enough beds there and if I go and talk to staff, as I do in acute wards in hospitals, they will say if we could use these beds more appropriately and ensure that we could get people discharged at the right time into the community, into step down facilities, into rehabilitation and recovery, then sure we can make better use of the facility that we've got. So it's both a question of expanding the capacity and changing the way facilities are delivered. HUMPHRYS: Since you acknowledge that capacity has to expand, it is odd isn't it that the newer hospitals have fewer beds than those that they are replacing. We were looking at the figures just yesterday, two thousand five hundred beds were lost, you acknowledge yourself that many beds have been lost in the last few years, two thousand five hundred beds were lost in the first eleven new hospital schemes, that's over the last five years. So this is rather odd isn't it, that we are building smaller hospitals with fewer beds to replace larger hospitals with more beds, when we need more not fewer beds. MILBURN: Well I'm not sure where those figures come from because I can tell you what the real figures are because we actually build the hospitals... HUMPHRYS: ..comes from the King's Fund, pretty reputable.. MILBURN: ..it is very reputable, indeed, it's a very good organisation but you know I can tell you what the real figures look like. We've got this enormous hospital building programme under way now, actually the biggest hospital building programme that the National Health Service has ever seen with thirty-seven new hospitals either being built or in the pipeline. When I as Minister of State, prior to becoming Secretary of State announced the first wave of these new hospitals, the fifteen, actually the numbers there showed that the number being built through the private finance initiative route and the number of beds available through the PFI route were broadly the same as if it had been built with exchequer capital. But I think what we have got to start moving away from you know, is this idea that the whole problem can be solved by expanding the number of hospital beds.. HUMPHRYS: ..but you have acknowledged that that is absolutely crucial in the first five minutes of the interview... MILBURN: But what I am saying is that what really counts is the number of beds in the whole care system. You have got to get the right number of beds, but you've also got to get them in the right places too. So sure, of course we need more critical care beds in hospitals, sure if we are going to be... HUMPHRYS: ...three times as many? MILBURN: ...we need a lot more critical care beds in hospitals and that means that we have got to have more critical care staff. It means that we need more consultants, it means that we need more nurses too. But I tell you what will happen, if we expand the number of hospital beds without expanding the number of beds at an intermediate level, in cottage hospitals and community hospitals and in step down facilities, precisely to give older people the sort of rehabilitation and recovery that they require, the whole system will become snarled up. HUMPHRYS: ...you better stop shutting cottage hospitals for a start. MILBURN: Well what we have got to do is give cottage hospitals a new lease of life and what I want to see for example is to turn them into more active institutions that do what old people, like people of our generation want. What they want is to live an independent a life as possible, that all too often John, what happens is an old person comes into hospital, they have their treatment in care, and they end up being discharged into a residential home or a nursing home. And they are literally banged up there for life. Now residential and nursing care is of course appropriate for some people but not for all. And I want to provide a choice for people, but that means that we have got to reform the system, modernise the care structure to make sure that we are starting to manage the health system as if it is one system rather than a series of competing, free standing health institutions. HUMPHRYS: Let's look then at heart disease. Again, you're not going to argue with this, we have the worst record in Europe, and you're going to do something about it. What are you going to do, we hear about a heart Tzar for instance? MILBURN: Well, tomorrow in fact we'll be launching what amounts to a national crusade against heart disease,. This is a blue-print that has been draw up by Sir George Alberti and some of the leading clinicians in the land to tackle Britain's biggest killer. Around a hundred thousand people a year have died from coronary heart disease, many of those deaths are preventable, and we will try to prevent them by better prevention and earlier intervention, because that can make a real difference. What this blue-print does is look at the sort of services that are required in every aspect of the care system, not just in hospitals where of course we need to see faster access to surgery, a point illustrated in your film, but we also need better prevention too, and what the blue-print will be laying out is a whole series of measures to speed up intervention and to put a new emphasis on prevention as well. HUMPHRYS: Surgical intervention if necessary. So it's reported that you will have a three-month target for a by-pass operation, is that right - three-months waiting list for that? MILBURN: Well, you'll have to wait and see what is published tomorrow, but what I will say is this, that we need to get the waiting times for heart surgery down. It frankly isn't acceptable that people have to wait in some cases for eighteen months for heart surgery at the moment. But I can only get the waiting lists down as I build the capacity up, and the truth is right now that we've inherited an NHS that is under-doctored, where we have a shortage of nurses, and where we have a shortage of trained staff too. Indeed when we got into office the number of nurse training places had been cut. As a consequence we are having to turn this round and build up the capacity of the NHS, so for example I think at the moment we only around one-hundred-and-seventy heart surgeons in the National Health Service, and that simply isn't enough, so I'm going to build up the capacity, but it takes time to get there, it simply takes time to train nurses and to train doctors. HUMPHRYS: Well, that's fine except that what Professor Alberti of whom you speak approvingly says, is that they're there, they're waiting, but they cannot afford - the hospital trust cannot afford to create the consultancy posts because there isn't enough money. MILBURN: Well, we are creating the consultancy posts HUMPHRYS: Because there isn't enough money. MILBURN: Actually we are creating the consultancy posts and one of the very first..... HUMPHRYS He says only half of the ones that are needed.. MILBURN: Well, one of the very first things that I did when I became Secretary of State, is I said: 'Look, there are two key priorities for us aside from mental health which is a very important set of services, and that is improving heart disease services and improving cancer services. Why, because they are the two diseases that are killing most people off in this country.' HUMPHRYS: And why haven't you appointed twice as many as Professor Alberti said you could have done? MILBURN: And what I said at the time is that I was going to create and extra four hundred consultant posts. That is what we are going to do. An extra three-hundred and thirty cardiologists, and an extra eighty cardio-thoracic surgeons , Now the extra eighty cardio-thoracic surgeons, heart surgeons, will be in effect a fifty per cent increase on what we have, but you've got to train them, and it takes time. They don't grow on trees. HUMPHRYS: With the best will in the world, that isn't the point. The point is that they are there, they're waiting, they're registrars, senior registrars or whatever. Professor Alberti himself the source on these matters says they are there but there is not the money to create the consultancy posts. MILBURN: But that isn't true. HUMPHRYS: Well...... MILBURN: That simply isn't true John. HUMPHRYS: ....on that film. MILBURN: With the greatest respect it simply isn't true, and what I've said is I want to see more doctors in training and indeed we have put more doctors into training. We have created..... HUMPHRYS: Will you able to provide the money to allow them to become consultants? MILBURN: Hold on. Hold on. We've created an extra one thousand medical places in universities, one of the first things that the Government did when we came into office, and at the same time as they people go through training, and remember it takes five, six or seven years to fully train a doctor before they can become a consultant, as they come through we will create the consultant posts, and that is a commitment that I've given, for example for cardiology and for heart surgery, because we need more of them. HUMPHRYS: You've obviously not satisfied Professor Alberti on that one. What about the other. He says that you need to double the number of heart operations being carried out at the moment. Do you accept that? MILBURN: I certainly think that we need to dramatically expand the number of heart operations. Well, I think you'll have to wait 'till tomorrow to see what the National Service framework says, but there is no doubt whatsoever in my view that you've got to do two things: One, you've got to increase the number of heart operations that take place, and secondly you've got to bring down the waiting times that it takes to get treated. People are waiting far too long to be treated at the moment, and we've got to change that, but as I say you can only bring down the waiting times as you build up the capacity and that means getting more doctors and nurses into the system. But the other thing that we've got to do aside from expanding the services is to reform the services too, to modernise them, so for example tomorrow I will be announcing that we are going to establish so new fast track chest pain clinics. So if you go along to you GP with suspected angina in the future you will have a guarantee of being seen by a hospital specialist within two weeks, rather than having to wait two months or longer to be seen. Why - because if you've got angina it must be pretty worrying for you, it must be one of the worst times in your life from a patient's point of view. Secondly the sooner we can get you seen the sooner we can get you treated and put you on the road to recovery. Now that is what I mean by modernisation, the expansion and reform in the way that services are provided. HUMPHRYS: That would be terrific if I popped along to the clinic and they said: yes, you've got a problem, you need an operation. You need it now, very, very soon indeed. But then you see the problem is, Professor Alberti and his colleagues say, : Well, I'm sorry, we'd love to be able to do it, but we can't, we haven't got the surgeons to do it, we haven't got the money to appoint the surgeons to do it. So how soon are these things going to happen? It's all very well there being as many modernised clinics as you like, but it's ...... start the operating. MILBURN: Well, they're going to start happening from April this year. HUMPHRYS: Yeah, fine. MILBURN: So we're going to start rolling them out.... HUMPHRYS: Clinics are no good without the .... MILBURN: Yes, of course. HUMPHRYS: ..... people who can operate on you if the clinic says you need an operation MILBURN: That is absolutely true, but remember a lot of people with angina and suspected heart disease, a lot of people need various forms of treatment and it isn't just heart operations that they need, they need better drugs, sometimes they need simple things like exercise and better diet, and these fast track chest pain clinics will be in a position to provide that sort of advice. So it's a change for the system, but it's an expansion to the system as well. HUMPHRYS: Can I offer you a part solution here, that does not come from me, but from people who know much more about these things than me, and that is this, that you have too many priorities in the Health Service as we speak, and your biggest priority right from the very beginning, the thing that helped you to win the election was pledging to cut waiting lists. Now that's all very well, to say people don't like waiting lists, of course they don't, none of us likes to be on a waiting list, but the problem with it is that it does distort priorities. Now you say , you go along to your chest clinic and you can have an operation more quickly. You could have it a darn sight more quickly if people who run hospital trusts and authorities weren't so obsessed because you have told them they must be obsessed with cutting the waiting lists. And they say: well, we can cut the lists a darn sight more quickly if we do half a dozen varicose veins operations than if we do a triple heart by-pass, so get rid of that waiting list pledge for a start. MILBURN: Well I believe in one thing in politics and that is that if you make promises you should keep to them. HUMPHRYS: But if you've made a mistake, you should get rid of it (both speaking at once) MILBURN: It isn't a mistake John and I'll tell you why. As you cut waiting lists so you cut waiting times and that is what people care about. HUMPHRYS: Not if you've got to wait even longer to see a consultant...... MILBURN: Well I tell you that is the case because when we came into office as everybody knows waiting lists were going like that, they peaked and they're coming down and since they have been coming down...... HUMPHRYS: Waiting time to see a consultant hasn't come down........ MILBURN: ..... and since they're been coming down the time that you wait as an inpatient for an operation has fallen as well and it's pretty much common sense isn't it? If you go along to the supermarket which queue do you choose to wait in? You choose the shortest queue, of course you do because there's an intimate link between the size of the list and the length of time that you wait. Now it is important that we get the waiting lists down not just because we said we would, although it is important that we keep our promises, but also because it is the right thing to do and when I, tomorrow, announce that there is going to be a shorter waiting time to get access to cardiac care in the national health service, people I hope will say that that is the right thing to do because the emphasis is (both speaking at once)..... the emphasis is on clinical need which is the criticism that you're making. I want to see the emphasis to be on clinical need, it should always be on clinical need and it's exactly the same with cancer if I may say so. What we've done there is again the right thing. Of course we're investing in extra cancer services, modernising the equipment, getting more doctors and more nurses in, but what we're also providing is a new and modern way to get access to care so that if you go along to your GP and you have suspected cancer and you need an urgent referral from your GP, rather than having to wait for months on end now by the end of this year, by the end of the year 2000, you will be seen within a fortnight by a hospital specialist. HUMPHRYS: Alright. Excellent. Every body will say that's terrific but are you saying to me this morning that if that means that the person who comes along with the varicose veins problem therefore, as a result of that, has to wait longer and common sense says that if we have X number of patients, we have X number of surgeons, if the priority for those surgeons becomes that particular thing those patients, some of them, are going to have to wait longer. Are you happy with that and if you saw....... Lets me finish the question because it's a hugely important one, if you saw that the number of patients waiting for less urgent operations was increasing, was increasing, so that your actual target was not met but that the number of patients with the truly serious conditions, cancer or heart problems was decreasing would you be happy with that and would you be prepared to go into the next election saying - 'All right, we didn't quite do what we intended to do with that promise but look what we have achieved.' MILBURN: Well it all depends on the capacity because the people........... HUMPHRYS: ..... of course it does.............. MILBURN: Well I know but this is the important thing you see because it's back to this issue that George Alberti quite rightly raised in your film about the number of heart surgeons that we have. We've only got a hundred and seventy heart surgeons. We need to expand the number of them and frankly the people who operate on varicose veins aren't the same people who are operating on hearts and therefore what you've got to do is expand the number of staff who are able to undertake these clinical procedures. That is precisely what we're doing. Now if people want to criticise us for expanding the number of staff, that's fine, but if people also want to criticise us for saying 'look, it's too slow' well look, I accept that, okay and I accept that it is extremely frustrating for people to have to be told to wait but with the best will in the world what I can't do John, is conjure, trained cardiologists and trained cardiothoracic surgeons. Well I just can't. HUMPHRYS: Well he says that they're their already and it's just a matter of cash which would help them. This is the problem isn't it. It is, in the end, you say it's about training but what the doctors tend to say is, and people like Stephen Thornton........ yeah, of course that's part of it but it's also about money and if they had the money they could turn those registrars, senior registrars into consultants because they are there waiting they simply don't have the money to fund the consultancy posts. So given all of these pressures - let me quote what Stephen Thornton, Chairman of the NHS Confederation said, 'There is precious little money left to invest in, what you describe as being absolutely vital - 'modernisation'. You've got to have a short term cash injection have you not? MILBURN: Well we've put extra money into the National Health Service for the next financial year, I listen very carefully...... HUMPHRYS: But it's eaten up the extra money you put it. It's eaten up in higher wages, working time directive costs, higher pension coverage - it's gone. It's already gone. MILBURN: That's what Stephen says but I don't think it is quite right actually...... HUMPHRYS: Oh - somebody else who's got it wrong? MILBURN: What we've done is we've increased the amount of money that is going out into the National Health Service to the health authorities from the First of April they will get six point eight per cent on top of what they're getting this year. Now look, I recognise of course that there are very real pressures out there, there are, and things like the working time directive and the fact that we've had a big increase in the price of generic drugs nobody denies that those pressures are there but they're taken account of in the amount of money that we've put out into the service. HUMPHRYS: But it's not as high as you said. It's not actually six and a half it's actually four and a half per cent in real terms....... MILBURN: In real terms....... HUMPHRYS: ..... but it's four and a half per cent in cash terms. Let's talk in real terms.......... MILBURN: It's six point eight per cent........ HUMPHRYS: Well let's talk in real terms (both speaking at once) It's normally ten per cent. Professor Alberti says it should be ten per cent. MILBURN: ...... and that is a real increase, that is an increase on what is going on in the current financial year and listen, all sorts of clinicians and all sorts of doctors and managers have very different views about how much the National Health Service needs. At the time that we did this first comprehensive spending review that has given the NHS the biggest cash injection it has ever seen - well let me finish this point - the argument about this was that what the NHS needed was a real terms increase of three per cent per annum. That is what it's had for the last twenty-five or thirty years and many reputable organisations and individuals argued for around three per cent. We haven't given it three per cent. We've given it fifty per cent more than that. Around five per cent in real terms. Now if we can continue to manage the economy well we can continue to get those sorts of increases into the NHS and yes, over time, we will expand the National Health Service, the number of staff in the NHS, but we'll change it too because it isn't just a question of getting more money into the system it's using that money to lever in real practical changes. Let me give you a good example of that - just to finish this point because I think all too often, particularly over the last few months the debate has been all about money for very understandable reasons but there's another side to the money coin and the other side is modernisation. We are modernising Accident and Emergency Departments. We've put in I think an extra one hundred and fifty million pounds to modernise A+E's because they're needed to create more space, to make sure that people have shorter waits. But it isn't just a question of getting the three quarters of hospital A+E's that need investment modernised, new buildings so that they look better and feel better and there's more space, we're also modernising the way that those A+E's work and that means crucially, getting nurses to the front end of the hospital so that they're in a position to treat the patient first, to triage them. That means making better use of nurse skills rather than just assuming that nursing is just one discipline, medicine is another. What we've got to do to modernise the NHS is to break down these demarcations between staff because if we do that the consequence is that patients will get faster and better care. Now that is what we're doing and people like George Alberti want to see an expansion in doctor numbers but what they also recognise is that the traditional division of labour between medicine and nursing is something that has to come to and end and it does. HUMPHRYS: Alright, but what the King's Fund says, you heard Julia Neuberger there, if you don't get more cash now, we are...on top of what you've already talked about, we are going to see another crisis in the NHS this coming winter and you know the kind of damage that does to you. MILBURN: Well don't forget that at the time of the pre-Budget report in November, Gordon Brown held out the prospect of more money for the National Health Service. What he said then and I think this is a very very good idea indeed, is that in future rather than simply increasing taxes on tobacco and putting that into the general government kitty, in future if there are real terms increases in tobacco taxation, then that money will be ear-marked for the National Health Service and he talked then about increases which could amount to some three hundred million pounds. Now, we will wait and see what is in the budget which is in a few weeks' time. HUMPHRYS: But you are going to ask him for the money over and above that, for more money over and above that, bearing in mind the Prime Minister's pledge a few weeks' ago. MILBURN: What the Prime Minister talked about was an increase from the comprehensive Spending Review, from the next spending review.. HUMPHRYS: Which of course is not going to be anything like enough to take us to that happy state where we are going to be in line with our colleagues in Europe... MILBURN: Oh yes it is... HUMPHRYS: No, what every single health economist who has done the sums - independent health economists - who has done the sums on this says it's absolute nonsense. Those figures that the Prime Minister used were simply wrong and we can go into the figures in some detail if you like. Do you know what's interesting about this discussion we are having, that all these outside experts, the King's Fund and Professor Alberti and heaven knows who else, the IFS - Institute for Financial Studies... MILBURN: Fiscal studies... HUMPHRYS: Fiscal thank you.. they are all wrong, it's only the Department of Health that's right. MILBURN: No, no, it isn't only the Department of Health but actually I am very happy to go through the figures if you like and you know what Tony Blair said was absolutely right. Providing we can manage the economy well, providing we do that and continue to get stability and growth in the way that Gordon Brown has managed. Then, if we continue what we have been doing over the last couple of years, over this year and the next year and the following year, yes we will get real terms increases, not at three per cent which is what has been happening in the past, but at five per cent and the consequence of that is that we will get up to the EU average... HUMPHRYS: ...it would have to be five point five per cent to get to the EU average everbody says.. MILBURN: ..it will take time, it will take time to get there but there is absolutely no reason providing we continue to manage the economy well that we shouldn't do that. HUMPHRYS: It will cost not five per cent. It will cost an extra five and a half per cent according to all these other people that I have been quoting because the European average is eight point six per cent and that's taking the lowest, that's an OECD figure, you believe in the OECD, you always say look the OECD thinks we are doing well when they say that, when they say other things you don't believe them. MILBURN: There are a lot of figures being bandied around. I read an article in I think this week's British Medical Journal saying it wasn't five and a half per cent, it was eight and a half per cent... HUMPHRYS: ...that's confusing two figures, we're talking on one hand about how much...(both speaking at once) MILBURN: ..that was about the EU average and it was about what the Prime Minister said on the Frost programme. The point is this, that we can expand the National Health Service and we will expand the National Health Service and we will do so providing we continue to manage the economy well. HUMPHRYS: Well you see there's a provision there, you are not guaranteeing... MILBURN: There's a provision to everything John...let me explain what I mean by that, with the greatest of respect about this, you don't know whether if there was a recession tomorrow you are going to be sitting here in this TV studio interviewing me because the BBC revenues may take a downturn and... HUMPHRYS: I do know that Gordon Brown for instance is going to give away two and a half billion pounds because he is going to cut a penny off income tax. Now if you were serious about the putting extra money into the NHS, he could do that. He could say you can have that instead. Politically unpopular with some, very popular with others and you believe this is the priority, so you can't have it both ways. MILBURN: But there is the nub of the argument you see. Here is the nub of the argument, why is it do you think, that we are now in the position rather than giving the NHS what it has had over twenty five or thirty years when the Conservatives were largely in power and gave... HUMPHRYS: ..gave about the same over the last twenty-five years... MILBURN: ..no that isn't the true. It isn't true. We are putting in an average of around five per cent in real terms. The average previously was around three per cent in real terms. Why is it that we can do this? - we can do it because we are managing the economy well, because we are doing the right things, taking the difficult decisions and I am sure... sure in our first two years it was difficult. It was difficult precisely because we had to turn the economy round and we had to get rid of the structural deficit that we inherited. But because we have done that, we are now in a position, providing we can make the economy continue to grow, to give the NHS the sort of increases that it needs. HUMPHRYS: Alan Milburn, thanks very much indeed for joining us this morning. And that's it for this week. Until the same time next week, good afternoon.
NB. This transcript was typed from a transcription unit recording and not copied from an original script. Because of the possibility of mis-hearing and the difficulty, in some cases, of identifying individual speakers, the BBC cannot vouch for its accuracy.